History of the card game bridge

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There is also the golf card game, which is popular and involves 2 or more players. In whist, four players who comprise two partnerships are each dealt 13 cards from a card deck, with a partnership's objective being to win as many tricks.

Contract bridge , or simply bridge , is a trick-takingcard game using a standard card deck. In its basic format, it is played by four players in two competing partnerships, [1] with partners sitting opposite each other around a table.

The game consists of several deals, [b] each progressing through four phases. During the auction, partners communicate information about their hand, including its overall strength and the length of its suits, although conventions for use during play also exist.

The cards are then played, the declaring side trying to fulfill the contract, and the defenders trying to stop the declaring side from achieving its goal. The deal is scored based on the number of tricks taken, the contract, and various other factors which depend to some extent on the variation of the game being played.

Rubber bridge is the most popular variation for casual play, but most club and tournament play involves some variant of duplicate bridge, in which the cards are not re-dealt on each occasion, but the same deal is played by two or more sets of players or 'tables' to enable comparative scoring. For competition level, so called IMP score is of high significance. One theory is that the name bridge has its origins in the name of an earlier game.

Bridge departed from whist with the creation of Biritch or Russian Whist in the 19th century, and evolved through the late 19th and early 20th centuries to form the present game. Another theory is that British soldiers invented the game bridge while serving in the Crimean War, and named it after the Galata Bridge, which they crossed on their way to a coffeehouse to play cards.

Bridge is a four-player partnership trick-taking game with thirteen tricks per deal. Each player is dealt thirteen cards from a standard card deck. A trick starts when a player leads, i. The leader to the first trick is determined by the auction; the leader to each subsequent trick is the player who won the preceding trick. Each player, in a clockwise order, plays one card on the trick. Players must play a card of the same suit as the original card led, unless they have none said to be 'void' , in which case they may play any card.

The player who played the highest-ranked card wins the trick. Within a suit, the ace is ranked highest followed by the king, queen and jack and then the ten through to the two. In a deal where the auction has determined that there is no trump suit, the trick must be won by a card of the suit led. However, in a deal where there is a trump suit, cards of that suit are superior in rank to any of the cards of any other suit. If one or more players plays a trump to a trick when void in the suit led, the highest trump wins.

For example, if the trump suit is spades and a player is void in the suit led and plays a spade card, he wins the trick if no other player plays a higher spade. If a trump suit is led, the usual rule for trick-taking applies. Unlike its predecessor Whist, the goal of bridge is not simply to take the most tricks in a deal. If a partnership takes at least that many number of tricks, they receive points for the round; otherwise, they receive penalty points.

Bridge extends the concept of bidding into an auction, where partnerships compete to take a contract, specifying how many tricks they will need to take in order to receive points, and also specifying the trump suit or no trump, meaning that there will be no trump suit.

Players take turns to call in a clockwise order: each player in turn either passes, doubles — which increases the penalties for not making the contract specified by the opposing partnership's last bid, but also increases the reward for making it [14] — or redoubles, or states a contract that their partnership will adopt, which must be higher than the previous highest bid if any. Contrast with Spades, where players only have to bid their own hand.

After the contract is decided, and the first lead is made, the declarer's partner dummy lays his cards face up on the table, and the declarer plays the dummy's cards as well as their own. Once all the cards have been played, the hand is scored: if the declaring side make their contract, they receive points based on the level of the contract, with some trump suits being worth more points than others and no trump being the highest, as well as bonus points for overtricks.

But if the declarer fails to fulfil the contract, the defenders receive points depending on the declaring side's undertricks the number of tricks short of the contract and whether the contract was doubled by the defenders. The four players sit in two partnerships, with each player sitting opposite his partner.

A cardinal direction is assigned to each seat, so that one partnership sits in North and South, while the other sits in West and East. In rubber bridge, each player draws a card at the start of the game: the two players who drew the highest cards are partners, and play against the other two.

Players take turns to deal, in a clockwise order. The dealer deals the cards clockwise, one card at a time. In duplicate bridge, the cards are pre-dealt, either by hand or by a computerized dealing machine, in order to allow for competitive scoring. Once dealt, the cards are placed in a device called a 'board', having slots designated for each player's cardinal direction seating position.

After a deal has been played, players return their cards to the appropriate slot in the board, ready to be played by the next table. The dealer opens the auction and can make the first call, and the auction proceeds clockwise. A bid is higher than another bid if either the level is greater e. If the last bid was by the opposing partnership, one may also double the opponents' bid, increasing the penalties for undertricks, but also increasing the reward for making the contract.

Doubling does not carry to future bids by the opponents unless future bids are doubled again. A player on the opposing partnership being doubled may also redouble, which increases the penalties and rewards further. There exist many bidding conventions that assign agreed meanings to various calls to assist players in reaching an optimal contract or obstruct the opponents.

The auction ends when, after a player bids, doubles, or redoubles, every other player has passed, in which case the action proceeds to the play; or every player has passed and no bid has been made, in which case the round is considered to be 'passed out' and not played. The player from the declaring side who first bid the denomination named in the final contract becomes declarer.

Dummy then lays his or her cards face up on the table, organized in columns by suit. Play proceeds clockwise, with each player required to follow suit if possible. Tricks are won by the highest trump, or if there were none played, the highest card of the led suit. The declarer has control of the dummy's cards and tells his partner which card to play at dummy's turn.

At any time, a player may claim, stating that their side will win a specific number of the remaining tricks. The claiming player lays his cards down on the table and explains the order in which he intends to play the remaining cards. The opponents can either accept the claim and the round is scored accordingly, or dispute the claim. If the claim is disputed, play continues with the claiming player's cards face up in rubber games, [34] or in duplicate games, play ceases and the tournament director is called to adjudicate the hand.

At the end of the hand, points are awarded to the declaring side if they make the contract, or else to the defenders. Partnerships can be vulnerable, increasing the rewards for making the contract, but also increasing the penalties for undertricks. In rubber bridge, if a side has won contract points, they have won a game and are vulnerable for the remaining rounds, [36] but in duplicate bridge, vulnerability is predetermined based on the number of each board.

If the declaring side makes their contract, they receive points for odd tricks, or tricks bid and made in excess of six. In both rubber and duplicate bridge, the declaring side is awarded 20 points per odd trick for a contract in clubs or diamonds, and 30 points per odd trick for a contract in hearts or spades. For a contract in notrump, the declaring side is awarded 40 points for the first odd trick and 30 points for the remaining odd tricks.

Contract points are doubled or quadrupled if the contract is respectively doubled or redoubled. In rubber bridge, a partnership wins one game once it has accumulated contract points; excess contract points do not carry over to the next game. A partnership that wins two games wins the rubber, receiving a bonus of points if the opponents have won a game, and points if they have not.

Overtricks score the same number of points per odd trick, although their doubled and redoubled values differ. A larger bonus is awarded if the declaring side makes a small slam or grand slam, a contract of 12 or 13 tricks respectively.

If the declaring side is not vulnerable, a small slam gets points, and a grand slam points. If the declaring side is vulnerable, a small slam is points and a grand slam is 1, The cards are then distributed, followed by an auction session to finalize the contract. At the end of the contract, the party can begin. The first card will be posed by the player who is to the left of the declaring, it is called the start.

The dead man will put his cards face-up on the table for the declarant to dispose of. So the declarant chooses one of the death cards. Players place a card in turn, clockwise. At each fold, it is the one who puts the best card that wins and takes it from the table to bring it on his stack of cards in an orderly way so that the count is facilitated at the end of the game. Note that the first card of each fold is the one that determines the color that players must respect for the fold.

At the end of the game, we count how many folds the declaring team has won in order to know if the contract has been fulfilled. History of Bridge Card Game. How is a Bridge table? The objective at the Bridge The bridge players will have two very different objectives depending on the status they will have in each round : If you are part of the team that announced the biggest contract, then your goal is to achieve as many folds as possible, at least enough to complete your contract.